The science of being happy

With a wild grin and orange cowboy hat, flanked by women friends (her de facto bodyguards) in Johnny Cash black and dark shades, the rail-thin blonde with the contagious laugh rolled up to the microphone and launched into her one-woman show, Die Laughing With Cathy Speck.

“Was it Tom Sawyer or Huck Finn who faked his death so he could go to his own funeral?” Speck began her performance. “Right now, I feel like I’m at my own funeral! So here we go!”

Over the next hours Speck—known by some in her hometown of Davis as the “queen of happiness”—sang, laughed, joked, blew bubbles and told stories about life, death and love so as to raise money last summer for her cause. Diagnosed in 2009 with a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, more commonly called ALS, Speck has dedicated her life to raising awareness and funds for the fatal malady (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease).

It wasn’t the first time this woman had taken center stage as a local advocate for carpe diem. Since her diagnosis, Speck has hosted annual Specktacular Skydiving for ALS fundraisers (yes, she’s jumped); led boisterous teams of supporters on annual Sacramento ALS walks; participated in the Ice Bucket Challenge; and told her story to anybody who will listen, including multiple college and junior-high classes in the region. Last month, when doctors told Speck they had found a new medical issue with her lower intestinesa rare cancer had taken up lodging thereher response was classic.

“This [the cancer] is just a wake-up call for me to get back on top of my game,” said Speck. “To be with the sweetness of the moment, to be happy to the core and extend that out.”

Given the unfathomable challenges of her primary disease, the additional arrival of cancer, the suffering she and her family have been through (Speck has already lost her mother and two brothers to ALS), and the anguish that must accompany any terminal diagnosis, two questions come to mind:

1. Why is this woman so happy?

2. If Speck can exemplify happiness despite the severity of her circumstance, why can’t we all?

Seven years ago, the Chico News & Review published a story that examined the relatively new field of positive psychology (see “Are we happy yet?” CN&R feature story, Aug. 9, 2007). Instead of obsessing on human failings and flaws as psychologists had previously done (think Freud), a new group of professionals suggested a shift in emphasis to what makes humans strong, gritty, resilient … happy. Thanks to pioneers like Martin Seligman, the renowned psychologist who wrote Authentic Happiness in 2002, an industry was born with its best-selling books, national summits and contentment gurus.

Well, developments in the field have only accelerated since then. In fact, science has discovered that we humans actually can be taught many (sometimes unexpected) things about happiness.

And who better than Speck to serve as teacher?

‘Because I’m happy’

Search “Pharrell Williams” and “Happy” on YouTube, and before you can say “room without a roof,” millions of results pop up, including variations from Russia, France, Iran, Vietnam—you name it. Each features groups of people, singing along with, and getting their happy-feet boogie on, to the Grammy Award winner’s mega pop anthem. The “Happy” flash mobs (don’t miss the one from Azerbaijan) will particularly wash you in hope for humanity. “Clap along if you know what happiness is to you. … Clap along if you feel like that’s what you wanna do.”

Turns out, this outpouring of feel-good euphoria may hold a lesson for us all. Yes, we can actually benefit from accepting Williams’ invitation to embrace the notion that “happiness is the truth.”

Today, the science of well-being is booming and involves academics and scientists in disciplines beyond psychology—we’re talking neuroscience, sociology, medicine, economics and evolutionary biology. It’s no longer just intuitive that happiness and a positive outlook is good for one’s mental and physical health—now science also heralds the many benefits that can be accrued from looking on the bright side.

Not surprisingly, technology has entered the mix with new positive-psychology tools. Happify is a digital app tool with “scientifically designed games and activities” that lets people regulate and monitor their emotions and behaviors. Another example: The Gratitude App for Google Glass encourages optimism and the expression of gratitude.

“It’s exploding,” said Sacramento psychotherapist Stephen Walker of the happiness field. “The neuroplasticity part [the ability of the brain to develop new connections] is the cutting-edge piece.”

Indeed, our scientific understanding of the brain (including acknowledgment that the brain actually can change) has doubled in the last decades. Neuroscientists have discovered, for example, that greater activity in the left side of the frontal cortex is associated with positive emotions and increased happiness.

“The science of happiness has blossomed,” concurred Emiliana Simon-Thomas, UC Berkeley’s neuroscientist who works as science director at the Greater Good Science Center. Simon-Thomas is one of a pair of GGSC instructors offering an upcoming free massive open online course, or MOOC, on the edX platform called The Science of Happiness. The class, which is still open for enrollment, launches on Sept. 9, and has so far signed up more than 76,000 students.

Simon-Thomas and others seem to largely embrace the idea, based on a meta-analysis of hundreds of studies from across the globe, that insights into happiness can be derived from a pie chart that’s divided into a 50-10-40 split.

Though some consider the chart’s simplicity to be misleading, the schema breaks it down that 50 percent of happiness is determined by genetics, with findings based primarily on studies that track identical twins separated as infants and raised by unconnected families in different environments. Another 10 percent of our happiness quotient is due to life circumstance, which includes health and wealth. On the latter, multiple studies, including one by Nobel Prize winner and Thinking, Fast and Slow author Daniel Kahneman, have found that once people reach a modicum of financial security, pecuniary gains don’t increase happiness.

Importantly, the remaining 40 percent of what makes up happiness seems to be determined by day-to-day habits, attitudes, activities, work and social relations.

And that’s a sizable chunk.

In the case of Cathy Speck, that 40 percent can be deconstructed, more or less, into five realms that coincide with much of what is being discovered about happiness: 1. Speck has a committed, loving and laughing network of friends and family members with whom she stays connected, physically and virtually; 2. She expresses gratitude naturally and constantly for what she calls “the whirled” and her spot in it; 3. She embraces a live-in-the-moment philosophy, practices mindfulness and turns to books about Buddhism if ever she feels blue; 4. She’s generous with her time and energies, especially as a fundraiser for her causes; and 5. She is passionately devoted to those causes and is fueled by the sense of purpose it gives her.

Though thinking and behaving in a way that promotes well-being comes naturally to Speck, it seems “happiness benefits” can be amassed by any who choose to follow the science in these same five realms.

Relationships

To be a friend of Speck’s on Facebook is to belong to a far-reaching social network that seems keenly connected to this one woman’s irreverent sense of humor, passionate belief in speaking openly about “the life and death cycle,” and her particular diagnosis—ALS, which causes the body to slowly become paralyzed, with one muscle group after another ceasing to function.

Speck, who spent a week in late July at Sutter General Hospital after surgery for her newly diagnosed neuroendocrine cancer, took her virtual community along for the ride as she endured what constituted risky surgery, given her unfolding ALS, to remove tumors in her lower intestine, as well as take out her appendix and gall bladder. Myriad posts proclaiming love and support flowed through social media toward Speck. Friends at the hospital—who decorated her room in a Hawaiian motif—shared photos of Speck at various stages of recovery. One friend advised Speck: “[T]he amount of love being sent through the Internet to you may cause your iPad to blow!”

Now, this kind of share-everything transparency related to an illness or medical procedure may not be for everyone. But it’s endemic of Speck, who has chosen to live—and ultimately to die—in full view of her extended community of family and friends.

“People tend to be happiest when they are with other people or with a community of trusted friends and family,” said Simon-Thomas. Multiple studies reveal that having close relationships, including romantic ones, are particularly beneficial. “Having people to confide in, who’ll lend support in times of trouble, cannot be overrated,” she added.

It often surprises people from industrialized countries when they travel and find that developing countries are full of happy people, she said. That’s because, in some Third World regions, the poor live in interdependent communities with tight-knit families and close social connections. Research in evolutionary history indicates that the American standard of rugged individualism may not actually offer the best path to achieving well-being, she said.

Gratitude

UC Davis professor Robert Emmons, a psychologist and national expert on the benefits of gratitude, gets hyped up quickly about the “new generation of researchers” that has entered the gratitude field.

“Some of the findings are really amazing,” he said. According to Emmons, clinical trials show that the practice of gratitude can lower blood pressure, improve immune function and facilitate more efficient sleep. Additionally, it can reduce lifetime risk for depression, anxiety and substance-abuse disorders.

“Gratitude is good medicine!” says Emmons.

This author of four books (including Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier) and editor of The Journal of Positive Psychology makes a case that the expression of gratitude has a deeper power than ubiquitous smiley-face emoticons might convey. In addition to improved health, he says, feeling and communicating gratitude results in closer relationships and increased optimism—both of which are keys to happiness.

We tend to get used to things so that good things become predictable and invisible, he said. The act of expressing gratitude helps overcome that adaptation and can be a watch guard against taking life for granted.

From the social evolutionary perspective, said Emmons, research is demonstrating “that gratitude takes us outside ourselves where we see ourselves as part of a larger, intricate network of sustaining relationships.

“Gratitude helps regulate relationships, solidifying and strengthening them,” he suggested in an email. “It is not only a response to kindnesses received, but also a motivator of future benevolent actions.”

Also it “enables us to face the bad stuff with hope and confidence that ultimately the future will bring more joy than suffering.”

Both Emmons and Simon-Thomas, who oversees UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center’s Expanding Gratitude Project, suggest individuals keep a gratitude journal, i.e., write down what one is grateful for and look back on it on occasions when inspiration and reflection is warranted.

Mindfulness

The history of mindfulness goes back to Buddhism, with its teachings that draw attention to the moment and advocate meditation, serenity, balance and effortlessness. It was 1979 when University of Massachusetts molecular biologist Jon Kabat-Zinn first brought Buddhist principles (if not its religious connotation) together with medical findings with his Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program. More recently, a pile of research has continued to document the psychological and emotional health benefits of practicing mindfulness.

Health care organizations like Kaiser Permanente and Sutter Health now offer programs and podcasts that promote mindfulness exercises to patients since these have been found to reduce stress and anxiety, ease chronic pain, reduce blood pressure and improve immune systems.

What is mindfulness?

“It’s being awake and paying attention,” said Stephen Walker, a licensed psychotherapist working in Sacramento. “It’s an awareness and acceptance of the present moment.”

“It’s about the here and now,” he said.

Walker traveled to India and became a Tibetan Buddhist monk at an earlier point in his life. So his experience in this realm is substantial. “Mindfulness is about cutting back on the striving and judgment. It’s more on being than doing,” he said, “accepting rather than rejecting.”

According to Walker, you don’t have to sit in the lotus position and think higher thoughts in a formal meditation practice to derive benefits from mindfulness. The simple act of getting comfortable, focusing your mind on the present while gently pushing away distractions (perhaps while silently repeating a positive mantra or phrase) causes the body to relax, the breath to slow and the heart rate to drop.

Interestingly, the practice of mindfulness also tends to makes people more altruistic.

A 2013 study published in Psychological Science found that people who took an eight-week mindfulness course were far more likely than a control group to give up a crowded waiting-room seat for a person on crutches. Another study in the same publication revealed that meditating showed changes in brain activity, “including in networks linked to understanding the suffering of others.”

For some, the quest for happiness can seem selfish in a world overcome with the suffering of others due to poverty, war and violence.

“Life has its sadness, its anger, its pain,” said Simon-Thomas, “and experiencing these are really important.”

She admitted, “The heaviness of other people’s suffering can be overwhelming.” The best you can do, she said, is take on a mindset that “when you can do something, you will.

“Acknowledge that you are concerned about the welfare of others and will make good choices,” she said, such as acting with compassion toward the people in your life, making sustainable choices for the environment, working for social change, etc.

Generosity

A long-ago episode of Friends featured Joey, set to volunteer at a telethon for PBS, arguing with Phoebe about the existence (or not) of selfless good deeds. Phoebe claimed his act of volunteering was not selfless because he’d benefit from the television exposure. She challenged herself thusly: “I’m gonna find a selfless good deed!”

By the end of the show, she hadn’t. As Phoebe learned, it’s hard for generous acts to be selfless because accomplishing them makes you feel good. Indeed, this can be tracked because research reveals that our brains light up in areas associated with pleasure when we are kind to others.

Could it be, for example, that spending money on others makes us happier than spending on ourselves?

Elizabeth Dunn, an associate psychology professor at the University of British Columbia and co-author of Happy Money: The Science of Smarter Spending, conducted a study that answers with a resounding “yes.” In it, participants who were randomly assigned to spend money on others experienced greater happiness than those assigned to spend it on themselves.

In another study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, scientists looked at data from more than 200,000 people from all around the world and found that donating to charity boosted happiness. Unpredictably, the finding was even true in countries where people had to struggle to put food on their own table for their own families.

Purpose

It’s surprising when Speck, the queen of happiness, describes her 25-year-old self (pre-ALS diagnosis) as severely depressed, with lots of problems. But it’s true. In her mid-20s, Speck was “alcoholic, anorexic and bulimic and suicidal … everything you can think of,” she said. Indeed, she spent her adolescence “funny and smart on the outside” but grieving on the inside after her mother died. Speck was 13 when that happened.

When Speck came out as gay in the late ’70s (“when it was not OK,” she said), the young woman struggled to make her way. “That’s when all the sadness and anger and depression came that I had been hiding away,” she said.

But a turning point arrived. At the height of her angst and “feeling shameful and humiliated,” she somehow came across a kindergarten picture of herself, “one of those cute little things, me with the twinkling eyes.”

“I looked in [that girl’s] eyes and realized, ‘Oh my God, that little girl is still in me!’ … I realized that’s who I can be, that’s who I am.” Speck suddenly felt her life had purpose: “I realized I had to do right by her. I saw that I couldn’t force her to drink or starve her or hurt her anymore in any way.”

The awakening led Speck on a new life path aimed at being good to “little Cathy.” She enrolled in college classes, rededicated herself to playing music, performing and writing. Eventually, the darkness lifted. Years later, post-diagnosis, Speck’s life filled with a larger life purpose—to “help with ALS … and to help spread laughter and love.”

“I think that I’m so full of love and happiness now because I felt the darkness then,” she said.

Woodland therapist Huyen Friedlander-Brannan, who knows Speck and works with UC Davis counseling services, explains it this way: “Oftentimes, looking at the really hard stuff—like death and dying or addiction or chronic illness—actually makes room for the happiness,” she said. “For Cathy, it’s all about loving people and relationships and inspiring people.”

Speck’s sense of purpose is authentic and no doubt part of what’s kept her going despite it all. Indeed, research from Cornell University in Chicago found that purpose protects people against stress, a fact that likely explains why people with purpose live longer.

What constitutes purpose is different for everyone.

It can be self-focused, like achieving a goal you set for yourself at work. Or it might be simply making ends meet for your family or staying healthy so as to one day meet your wished-for grandchildren. Often, as with Speck, it means committing to a larger purpose or social cause that benefits the less fortunate or future generations.

Science has recently distinguished between how “happy” and “meaningful” lives differ when it comes to physical health and a longer life. But for Simon-Thomas, the truth includes both words.

“The best way to pursue happiness is through pursuing a meaningful life by committing yourself to a greater purpose beyond your own self-interest,” she said.

Speck, now back at home recovering from her recent surgery, couldn’t agree more.

“I do the best I can from right here,” she said. “If I’m able to help other people feel happy or joyous or laugh, and keep extending that out, then that makes me happy.”